Ukraine Prince Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ukraine Prince Analysis - Essay Example In fact, the further situation in Ukraine depends on elections outcomes, after the 26th of March, when Ukrainian citizens elect new Parliament (Verhovna Rada) deputies, the deputies of local authorities, etc. The future direction of this young state developing will be defined after new Parliament majority forming and new Prime Minister nominating. It'll be a clear sign for investors for further actions. If new Parliament majority is pro-president with liberal Prime Minister (loyal to Ukraine President Victor Yushchenko, like Yuri Yekhanurov), then investors can definitely wait the implementation of declared reforms. If the new Prime Minister is Yulia Timoshenko (possible case), then investors must be more careful as Mrs. Timoshenko enjoys hand methods of economic regulation. At last if opposite parties form the majority, foreign investors can wait radical differences to the state-developing course, chosen by President. At first, it's necessary to progress liberty of speech, press etc (one of the great achievements of new authorities). Then Government should finally refuse from hand methods of economic regulation. Recently Ukraine got the free-market economy status; also the USA repealed Jackson-Venik amendment for Ukraine. Future government must use these privileges. Conducting free and fair tenders for enterprises privatising, equal tax policy etc. are obligatory conditions for regime change.As you can see, we chose the next actors, which play the most important role during pre-election company. Who are they? 1. â€Å"The party of regions† leaded by Prime Minister Victor Yanukovich, who was the main opponent of Victor Yushchenko during last president elections. This party has the highest popularity - from 22 to 27% according to different surveys. This group is well sponsored (Rinat Akhmetov, the richest businessman in Ukraine, is one of its leaders), and is the most serious opponent to pro-president forces. 2. "BYT" - Block of Yulia Timoshenko, the first Prime Minister after Orange Revolution. This ambitious lady was the wishes to become a powerful Prime Minister. She supports Mr. Yushchenko, but has some conflicts with his party "Our Ukraine" 3. "Our Ukraine" - the most reliable support for Mr. Yushchenko party, which nevertheless lost a significant electorate segment during the last year. 4. "The Socialistic Party of Ukraine" (SPU) headed by Olexandr Moroz, supposed to be included into pro-president majority, and tries to secure more vote than 4 years ago. 5. "The Communist Party of Ukraine" (CPU), headed by Petro Simonenko, is a firm opponent to present forces, but gradually loose electorate support. 6. Litvin's Peoples Block "We", headed by present Parliament Speaker Volodimir Litvin, can supplement either pro-president or opposite group of parties. They position themselves like the third (neutral) force and have not much support. 7. The Opposite Block "Not Yes", headed by the first Ukraine President Leonid Kravchuk, is firm opposite party, which has no developing program, but just is against "orange" forces. This group has a little support and has small chances to be represented in new Parliament. 8. One or even two parties can also secure more than 3% of votes. It can be either opposite parties (Natalia

Living in Multicultural Societies Research Paper

Living in Multicultural Societies - Research Paper Example Since the developed nations of the world offer superior education, health, employment and individual as well as collective growth and development of the people, the populations belonging to the under-developed and developing countries tend to move to the developed states for brighter job and business prospects on the one side, and to lead a better, comfortable and luxurious life on the other. Situated in the Island of Hispaniola, in the southern part of Atlantic Ocean, the Dominican Republic serves as the second largest Caribbean nation existing on the face of the earth (Seelke 1). Being the poor economy, but rich with the natural resources, the country had been the target of the adventures of the European powers since the seventeenth century onward. Since the Spanish royalty had taken keen interest in keeping the country under the Spanish control, the Caribbean island had been one of the Spanish dominions for decades. By the end of eighteenth century, the country came under the sway of French authorities, though the French had to experience the revolt of the indigenous population against them. It eventually encouraged the neighboring Haitians to occupy the island for establishing their rule over it (Lancer 2002). Migration is a social phenomenon, which is equally popular among the individuals belonging to all geographical zones, different ethnic, racial and religious backgrounds, various age-groups and both the genders (Weeks 263). Identical with the rest of the world, the people belonging to the Dominican Republic also observe migration from their native country to some other regions of the globe. It is partly because of the very fact that the country had been the victim of poverty, massive corruption at national scale, bad governance, nepotism, political unrest, sociocultural chaos and economic uncertainty that force the masses to explore new dimensions for making progress in life (Morgan, Espinal, & Seligson 10-1). In addition, the country also

Estuary English As A Growing Phenomenon English Language Essay

Estuary English As A Growing Phenomenon English Language Essay Introduction Estuary English is a term invented by the British phonetician David Rosewarne in 1984 to describe a variety of English spoken by the banks of the Thames and its estuary. Rosewarne describes Estuary English as a variety that includes the features of Standard English phonology, Received Pronunciation, as well as South-Eastern Britains, mainly the Cockney accents, speech patterns (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?). Since 1984, the usage of Estuary English has grown profoundly. Geographically, it is said to be heard all over the South-East of England and also penetrating into the west. Much regional variation is being lost as a large number of Traditional Dialects covering small geographical areas are gradually disappearing, making way for the Modern Dialect, which covers much larger scales of land. Socially, it has allegedly penetrated into the upper-class. The growing number of its speakers is astounding. Nowadays many famous people, including people of the media, teachers and politicians, use this variety of English, even though it was thought to be a language of the lower middle-class. A number of scholars and phoneticians are assuming and predicting an even wider use eventually leading up to Estuary English replacing Received Pronunciation. This research paper focuses on the phenomenon of Estuary English information about the origin and nature of the variety, the characteristic features, and future predictions as well as how others perceive the issue. It will also include a research of the speeches of Tony Blair, The Queen and Gordon Brown on the basis of whether Estuary English is slowly vaporising the phonological boundaries of the social classes or not. I chose this topic to have an insight to the future events that might take place. As regional dialects are slowly vanishing and the usage of Estuary English is growing, the opportunity of monitoring the new wave of English as it emerges can be fascinating. Overview The term introduced by Rosewarne has developed a lot of excitement on many levels some phoneticians argue against it, others fight for it. Nevertheless, the use of the variety has been sighted growing as it is a middle-ground for the upper and the lower-class. Rosewarne introduced Estuary English as A variety of modified regional speech. It is a mixture of non-regional and local south-eastern English pronunciation and intonation. If one imagines a continuum with Received Pronunciation and London speech at either end, Estuary English speakers are to be found grouped in the middle ground.(Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?) The term Estuary English was coined by British linguist David Rosewarne in a ground-breaking article published in The Times Educational Supplement in October 1984 (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?). Rosewarne published another article in 1994 -Estuary English: tomorrows RP?, in which he added new facts to his previous work. In his 1994 publication he explained why he introduced the new term (or the new variety):While doing post-graduate studies in Applied Linguistics in London in 1983, I felt that existing descriptions of pronunciation varieties made no real mention of accents intermediate between R.P. and localisable British forms. (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?) Rosewarnes publications and Paul Coggles publication of the book Do you speak Estuary? in 1993 lead the way for a number of articles examining the nature, structure, and other characteristics of the variety. When the phenomenon was popularized in the 1990s, other linguists began to take the possibility of this new variety more seriously. The phonetician Parsons even called it the new RP in 1998 (From RP to Estuary English), when at the other end many journalists and politicians remain dubious towards the term even and call it a haphazard version of the Cockney accent (Maidment: Estuary English: Hybrid or Hype? 1994), even when numerous surveys have been carried out and it has been examined with scrutiny many times. Rosewarne chose the name estuary after the region from which the new variety of English was thought to have spread the banks of the river Thames and its estuary (Estuary English, 1984). The term, however, has excited resentment among many linguists many saying it is controversial because it is not only spoken on or near the Thames estuary, but in places further from there and that there is no clear evidence that it emerged from the Thames estuary (Maidment: Estuary Engslish: Hybrid or Hype? 1994). Controversy also remains over the matter whether it is a regiolect, a dialect, an accent or a style. Other terms for the name were suggested, such as General London and London English, (Wells, John.What is Estuary English?1997.) because the Cockney accent originates from London, but also the term Post-Modern English, referring to the recent development of the variety (Maidment: Estuary English: Hybrid of Hype? 1994). But as the term has already widely spread, it would be unwise to change the name now. Thus the contention over the topic is quite meaningless. Estuary English is most commonly associated with the young, many saying that even the upper-class young tend to use it now as a ways to be more like the middle and lower class. Young people, who are not so well off, often adapt to it because it sounds more sophisticated, making Estuary English a middle-way for both the well-off and the poorer people. As mentioned in the introduction, the variety is attractive to many celebrities and businessmen as well as Members of Parliament and members of the royal family are spotted using it (Wells, John.What is Estuary English?1997). Estuary English has brought up a lot of excitement. Even though many scholars remain dubious to the existence of such a new variety, the people talk otherwise quite literally. Features of Estuary English The features of Estuary English are the results of the confluence of Standard English Pronunciation (RP) and the Cockney accent. Rosewarne described it: If one imagines a continuum with Received Pronunciation and London speech at either end, EE speakers are to be found grouped in the middle ground. (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP? 1994) Some characteristics, which differentiate from both RP and Cockney and are presumed to be typical to Estuary English, are brought out in the next paragraphs. They appear at a lexical, phonological and grammatical level. L-vocalization the use of [o], [ÊÅ  ], or [É ¯] where RP uses [É «] in the final positions or in a final consonant cluster. As in the word milk pronounced as miok ( Joanna Ryfa, Estuary English: A controversial issue?) ( http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) Glottaling or using a glottal stop (ʆ) instead of t or d. Mostly used at the end of a word or before another consonant sound. E.g. the word but pronounced /bʌʆ/ (Joanna Ryfa, Estuary English: A controversial issue?) Yod-coalescence (in stressed syllables). The use of the affricates /Ê ¤/ and /Ê/ instead of the clusters /dj/ and /tj/ such as tune and /tʃu:n/, also in words like Tuesday and attitude. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) A broad A (É‘Ë ) in words such as bath, grass, laugh, etc. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) Non-rhoticity Rhotic speakers pronounce written /r/ in all positions, while non-rhotic speakers pronounce /r/ only if it is followed by a vowel sound and not always even then. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) Use of intrusive R. An epenthetic [É ¹] is added after a word that ends in a non-high vowel or glide if the next word begins with a vowel, regardless of whether the first word historically ended with /É ¹/ or not. For example, intrusive R would appear in Asia[É ¹] and Africa or the idea[É ¹] of it: Asia and idea did not historically end in /É ¹/, but the [É ¹] is inserted epenthetically to prevent a hiatus. Intrusive R also occurs within words before certain suffixes, such as draw[É ¹]ing or withdraw[É ¹]al. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Linking_and_intrusive_R) Y-tensing, using a sound more similar to the /i:/ of beat than to the /i/ of bit, at the end of words like happy, coffee, valley. (Joanna Ryfa, Estuary English: A controversial issue?) Use of confrontational question tags. For example, Were going later, arent we?, I said that, didnt I? (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) The omission of the -ly adverbial ending, as in Youre turning it too slow, They talked very quiet for a while, (David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language,1995) Certain prepositional uses, such as l got off of the bench, I looked out the window. (David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language.1995) Generalization of the third person singular form (I gets out of the car), especially in narrative style; also the generalized past tense use of was, as in We was walking down the road. (David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language,1995) Frequent use of the word cheers for Thank you and Goodbye Use of the word mate instead of friend, which is RP. Extension of the actual meaning of the word basically to use it as a gap filler. (Rosewarne, Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?) (David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language,1995) Still, both Coggle and Rosewarne, although mentioning these characteristics in their featured articles, claim that features such as usage of the word cheers is also growingly common among young people, and is a not marker of Estuary English. Thus it is difficult to differentiate between the rising use of Estuary English, and the rising use of colloquial English. Estuary English speakers are very open to influence from American English, thus the usage of Americanisms is common. Some Americanisms adopted by Estuary English speakers with their British equivalents: British (B) Here you are; Americanism (A) There you go B- Sorry; A Excuse me B- By no means; A No way B I hope that; A- Hopefully B Hello; A Hi B- Correct; A- Right B- Certainly; A- Sure Some characteristics that are typically Cockney but misleadingly considered as Estuary English are: Th-fronting, i.e., replacement of [ÃŽÂ ¸, ÃÆ' °] with [f, v] (e.g. [fÉ ªÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹k] for think) H-dropping, i.e., Dropping [h] in stressed words (e.g. [à ¦ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ ] for hat) Double negation. However, Estuary English may use never in case where not would be standard. For example, he did not [in reference to a single occasion] might become he never did. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) Estuary English as a variety of English comes on many different levels. Even though it is a new variety, the characteristics are already quite clear. An analysis of Tony Blairs, The Queens and Gordon Browns speeches the use of Estuary English over time. It is said that estuary English has climbed up the social ladder and its features can be heard in the Parliament. I analysed the speeches of Tony Blair, The Queen and Gordon Brown, comparing their speeches from twenty years ago with the ones they carry out now. Tony Blairs speeches Tony Blair was born in Scotland and also educated there. As any other Member of Parliament he speaks English with Received Pronunciation, but some articles suggest that his use of Estuary English has grown over the last decades. The earliest Tony Blairs speech I found in audio was carried out in 1997 his Victory Speech for becoming the prime minister. I compared the language of it with speeches from 2006, 2007 and 2010. The differences concerning the use of Estuary English were: L-vocalization. This was the most prominent of Estuary characteristics. Words in which he used it were killed, built (Reuters Media Control speech 2007), deal, will(General Election Victory speech 1997), well(Farewell speech 2006) Glottalisation. Words in which he used it were better (General Election Victory speech 1997; Farewell speech 2006), little bit, but, not (Farewell speech 2006). Non-rhoticity. In the words target,fair (Cardinals lecture 2008) The use of Estuary English has definitely grown, though it cannot be said that the usage of it is enormous. Most apparent differences can be seen in the use of glottalisation in the 2010 example he used it the most. Though some say that Tony Blair changes his accent when speaking to differentaudiences (Arthur, Charles. Language: Estuary English engulfs a nation 1998) in the parliament he uses RP and on television giving interviews he uses Estuary English to win the middle-class over, the speeches I analysed had the same characteristics in most of them, contradicting with what the media said about his usage of Estuary English depending on the audience. The Queens speeches The Queen should be the prime example of perfect Received Pronunciation. In 2006 Neil Tweedie wrote about the queens changing language, including that Her Majesty may not be quite ready to engage in fully-fledged Bermondsey banter with Jade Goody, but her speech has nevertheless followed the general trend from cut-glass URP (Upper Rec-eived Pronunciation) towards the more democratic Standard Received Pronunciation and its close relative, Standard Southern British English. (How Queens English has grown more like ours). I analysed her speeches with no real expectation to find anything. For the earliest speech I took The Queens Christmas Message from 1992 and the last ones are from 2008, 2009, 2010. There were not many examples to be found, but the ones I discovered were: Glottalisation. Words like forgotten, but(Christmas speech 2008;Christmas speech 2009) Non-rhoticity in there(Christmas speech 2008), simpler(Christmas speech 1992) The usage of Estuary English in the Queens speeches is minimal. Gordon Browns speeches I chose Gordon Brown for my third study because he should be somewhere in the middle of Tony Blair and The Queen, concerning the usage of Estuary English. Gordon Brown was born in Scotland and also educated there, thus his pronunciation was a bit Scottish. His use of English has not been talked about in the media. I analysed his speeches from 1985 and 1992 to 2009, 2010. What I found out was: Glottalisation in the word Britain (Speech for Citizens UK 2010), let(Resignation speech 2010) L-volcalisation in words brilliant(Speech for Citizens UK 2010;Resignation speech 2010), million(Speech for Citizens UK 2010), will(2009 Labour Conference speech), well (Resignation speech 2010) Gordon Browns usage of Estuary English is minor. Though there are some examples of it, he cannot be called an example of Estuary English, but the usage of it has definitely grown. Conclusion of the research My research shows that there are not any lexical examples of Estuary English in these three cases, but some pronunciational differences do appear in the speeches of Tony Blair, The Queen and Gordon Brown. The characteristics of Estuary English that appeared are mostly the same glottalisation and l-vocalisation being the most prominent. Although the usage of Estuary English is minimal, it still has grown. It can be explained in two ways either Estuary English is filtering into the speech of parliamentarians and the Queen, or Estuary English is used for identifying with the middle-class. Future predictions for Estuary English Through time, Estuary English has influenced RP, and it will continue to do so. In the 1980s, when Rosewarne first published his essay, it received little attention. When he republished the essay in a slightly longer version in 1994, it received the acknowledgement it deserved. After that the term and its possibility of taking over RP has been all over the media. Rosewarne in 1984 speculated that in the long run it may influence the speech of all but the linguistically most isolated, among the highest and lowest socio-economic groups who may then become linguistically conservative minorities. He even suggested Estuary English to take over the Standard English pronunciation. (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?) At first Rosewarne was almost alone with his theory, but since them the acknowledgement has grown. Although many linguistics still contravene with the subject, the most prominent linguistics, such as Coggle, have fortified the term with additional research on the matter. As young people are highly affected by the media, it carries the most influential part in the development of the speech of young people. That is why teenagers idols like David Beckham and Lily Allen, who speak immaculate Estuary English, have a huge affect on teenagers speech. In addition to these teen-idols, there are many television shows such as Eastenders which carry out clear cut Estuary English. And since most of the teenagers are affected, in some generations the pronunciational differences between the social classes may vanish. In my opinion, Estuary English is definitely on the rise and spreading rapidly. Though the effects of Estuary English have not occurred in Scotland, Wales or Ireland, in some time, it may be possible too. Estuary English is an increasing variety which is penetrating through the boundaries of social classes and the media. Conclusion Estuary English is a variety of English that is growing rapidly. It is a mixture of Cockney English and Received Pronunciation. Estuary English is acceptable to both the upper-class and the lower-classes, benefiting them both. It influences both the regional varieties and the diminishing class-distinctive speech. Estuary English can be heard everywhere from the street to the Parliament building. As research shows, the usage of Estuary English in Tony Blairs, The Queens and Gordon Browns speeches has also grown, even though the size of the futility varies greatly. From these three Tony Blair was the keenest Estuary English speaker, leaving Gordon Brown second, and The Queen the last. Their usage of Estuary English limits to the pronunciational level, leaving aside the lexical and grammatical side. The future of Estuary English promises an even wider use from the lower class to the upper class, from the east coast to the west coast. Estuary English may be the next Received Pronunciation.

Ruling Ideologies :: essays research papers

Core Studies 3 Casilda Adames Take-Home Exam November 16, 1999 The ruling ideology dealing with welfare is a negative view among the majority of Americans. It states that welfare recipients are lazy people who have lots of children and collect checks for a long period of time. This statement is believed mostly among higher-class people because they feel that if they can work hard for their money, welfare recipients can do the same, and not live off other people’s money. Charles Murray supports the statement â€Å"welfare policies encourage poor women to have more children† in one of his books, but is proven wrong by careful studies and demographics. It has been studied that welfare has almost no effect on bearing children. These studies show that younger women are more likely to be poor and their poverty makes their children poor. American adults by far are more unequal in wealth and income than any other industrial society as well as the declining incomes of young men since the mid-1970s. Many young men cannot afford to keep their children out of poverty or decide not to the handle the duties or responsibilities of marriage, leaving young mothers and children even poorer, leading them to depend on welfare. According to a New York Times article dated 2/29/92, there are fewer children receiving assistance from welfare and are not just being lazy but and collecting checks, but actually getting off welfare. This ruling ideology that most of the American society supports leads to the lack of wide political support and budget-cutting of means-tested programs. These mean-tested programs are available only to those people who can prove that they are poor. Only Social Security and Medicare, both Universal programs, have largely survived cutbacks in recent years because it is widely accepted throughout the American society. The reason it is accepted in the American society is that everybody contributes to social security and everybody benefits from it. As stated before many people in the American society do not want to support the welfare people because they are perceived to be lazy bums, who just collect checks and have lost of children, which persuades people’s attitudes to not support these means-tested programs including welfare. AFDC has been repeatedly cut and will continue to decline as long as federal governments transfer responsibility for welfare to state governments which aids the American’s ideology that help to the poor must be â€Å"limited, conditional and unpleasant† so that people get off welfare and acquire jobs.

Comparison of Two Texts, “One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest” and “to Kill a Mocking Bird” Essay

How do the authors of To Kill a Mockingbird and One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest use literary techniques to explore the concepts of isolation? Isolation and courage in the form of racism and discrimination is an analogous concept explored in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird and Ken Kesey’s novel One flew over the cuckoo’s nest. The authors exemplify the conflicts of isolation displayed by the protagonists and glorifies a broad range of literary techniques to foreshadow the ideas contrasted within the novels. The historical, cultural and social values of society are prefigured throughout the novels displaying the author’s ideas and perceptions of isolation in humanity. Through various literary techniques, the text creators use social, cultural and historical settings to explore the theme of isolation illustrated by conflict of social isolation within the novels. Discrimination and racism of isolation are explored in both novels. Harper Lee’s novel To kill a mocking bird displays the isolation of racism within the conflicts of the protagonist, whilst Ken Kesey’s, One flew over the cuckoo’s nest discriminatory isolation within the social, cultural and historical values of society. Harper Lee’s Novel â€Å"To kill a mocking bird† was published on July 11th 1960; this during a time of racial discretion making the novel such a controversial text. To kill a mocking bird illustrates isolation in the form of racism, displayed by the main conflict of the novel; thus demonstrating the involvement of isolation within the text. This involvement of isolation is foreshadowing the idealism of the characters within the text, evoking the reader perception to be controlled by the author. This isolation is demonstrated with the case of Tom Robinson being accused of rape due to his racial skin colour. This racial form of isola tion is present within modern day society, within social values. You aren’t really a nigger-lover, then, are you?†, â€Å"I certainly am. I do my best to love everybody†¦ I’m hard put, sometimes—baby, it’s never an insult to be called what somebody thinks is a bad name. It just shows you how poor  that person is, it doesn’t hurt you.† (11.107-109). Racial isolation is a historical connection positioning the reader to reconnect to events within our own history . â€Å"Well if we came out durin’ the Old Testament it’s too long ago to matter†, â€Å"That’s what I thought,† said Jem, â€Å"but around here once you have a drop of Negro blood, that makes you all black.† (Line, 16, Page, 78-81) This quote illustrates the questioning of the reasons for racism within society and referrers back to religious beliefs of equality. As children trying to digest a reason just because it is stated by society is almost an impossible feet. The relationship formed between Tom and the reader throughout the story allows the reader to sympathise with his circumstances. Social Statues of Kesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest delivers the social ranking of society within the ward. Racial discrimination of modern day values is brought upon within the aspects of the ward. The head nurses are of ethnic skin colour whilst the boys below that clean the ward and look after the patients are of black skin colour. The author reflected the discrimination of social statues in the ward as it is in society, this positions the reader to see the valued connections and perceptions being delivers by the author. This discrimination also occurs within Lee’s To Kill a Mocking Bird. Tom Robison is on trial for case not committed, but has been accused because he is a large black man. Within the course of this novel the reader recognises the traits of innocence within all characters , as the course of the novel proceeds the innocents of all characters fades, connection to the overarching metaphor â€Å"to kill a mocking bird†, therefore to kill the innocents of the characters . Kesey and Lee both use the characters to annotate the social issue of isolation within society. Ken Kesey’s One flew over the cuckoo’s nest was written during 1962. 1962 was known as the freedom summer, which developed the fight for civil rights among black people in the US and worldwide. This historical setting of One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest influenced the ideologies throughout the inscription of this novel. Ken Kesey developed his conceptual ideas of isolation through the setting of the characters. These concepts are developed through the protagonists, B Randle Patrick McMurphy and Nurse Ratchet. McMurphy challenges all aspects of rules and regulations within the psychiatric ward. McMurphy’s rebellion forces the reader to  observe his understanding of insanity. The ward is a metaphor of a social statement being made by the author, perceiving society as the same as the ward; controlled, under authority and McMurphy is an example of chaos, change, and hope for the patients within the ward itself. â€Å"I hide in the mop closet and listen, my heart beating in the dark, and I try to keep from getting scared, try to get my thoughts off someplace else-try to think back and remember things about the village and the big Columbia River† , (chapter 1, lines page, 121, line 23). McMurphy’s actions throughout the novel are foreshadowed thus positioning the reader to question if he’s truly insane â€Å"And the third boy mutters, â€Å"Of course, the very nature of this plan could indicate that he [McMurphy] is simply a shrewd con man, and not mentally ill at all.† Chapter 2, Line.1, .Page 32-37). The relationship between nurse Ratchet and McMurphy is a vivid display of modern society and underling compressed issues. McMurphy s constant display of rebellion indicates the social connection between modern society and inheritance of the ward. Kesey expresses his ideologies of social society of both locations by the narration of Chief. â€Å"Good morning, Miss Rat-shed! How’s things on the outside?†, â€Å"You can’t run around here-in a towel!†, â€Å"No?† He looks down at the part of the towel she’s eye to eye with, and it’s wet and skin tight. â€Å"Towels against ward policy too? Well, I guess there’s nothin’ to do exec-â€Å", â€Å"Stop! Don’t you dare. You get back in that dorm and get your clothes on this instant!† (1.8.42-55) This quote illustrates the rebellion of McMurphy and the frustration of disruption of Nurse Ratchet. McMurphy’s actions contrast the ideas of the reader positioning the reader to see the value behind his rebellion. Courage within One flew over the cuckoo’s nest and To kill a mocking bird is a widely represented theme delivering the incandescent philosophies displayed through the character relationships. Within Kesey’s novel Chief Bromden foreshadows the example of courage. The silence of his character is a representation of his voice within the novel. Chief a schizophrenic notices the fabricated world of the ward; he is a personal protagonist within the text. Chief is recognised as a man with lost intelligence and ability to function by the patients of the ward. This secret is broken from the authority of the ward by the rebellion of McMurhpy. Chief is foreshadowed by the symbol of a broom; this demonstrates his ideas of the ward being a place to distress any form of rebellion within  modern society. McMurphy is therefore a juxtaposition of the broom and what it stands for, illustrating chaos and the cure to the patients. The Symbolism of Kesey’s novel allows the reader to gain a vivid view of the philosophies that are foreshadowed by the author through the characters. These ideas evoke reliability with the reader, thus positing the reader to connect the philosophies of Chief with the character personality of McMurphy. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel that illustrates the struggles towards sanity by chief . His narrations of the novel display his hardship and philosophies of McMurphy and Nurse Ratchets roles within the novel and the analogous connections within society during the 60’s. Chief illustrates his courage towards the reader through his silence through the course of the novel. Literary techniques in both texts are the basis of foreshadowing philosophies and ideas that are put forth to the reader by the authors. Imagery is vivid illustrated within One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Fog is resented as an alluded authority that restores isolation within the ward. The fog is only vivid to Chief, thus the author uses this to forces the reader to interpret the ideas of the author, evoking a sympathetic tone. The mocking bird within To Kill a Mocking Bird is an overarching metaphor and motif. The metaphor symbolises innocence and purity, thus the innocence of Tom Robinson in his racial discriminatory rape case, or the purity of the children within a small social town. â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it† Chapter 1, Page 30. The children are exposed to the event of Tom; as the text carries on the children begin to question the motive of the case and the social contention its making. This metaphor induces the political statement made by Lee, positioning the reader to connect the social, cultural and philosophical issues to modern day society. Tone is an important aspect of these texts. Tone allows the author to let their ideas be identified by the reader, this positioning the reader to forebode the events of the text. Kesey’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest enables the sympathy of the reader; a sympathetic tone shows compassion felt by the author towards the patients and illustrates the humanity and dignity  still apprehended by the patients. The tone displays the perception of truth by the patients; although they are restrained they still obtain freedom to go when pleased. The tone represented within Lee’s, To Kill a Mocking Bird is also sympathetic to the forms of isolation positioning the reader to recognise and relate the isolation within social aspects of society. Symbolism is an important literary technique that displays the depth of a text and the connections of symbols to the protagonists. Kesey uses the idea of keys as a statement of authority by the nurses. This authority is therefore broken by McMurphy when he steals the keys, this positions the reader to connect the ideas of isolation towards society and the forms of rebellion that are associated. Lee uses the mocking bird as a metaphor but also a symbol within his text. The bird represents freedom of oppression by trusted aspects of society. The oppression of political and racial analysis is broken by Scout. Scout questions the narrow philosophies and values of society; Lee uses the character of scout to make a social statement of the values of oppression within all aspects of society. This use of symbolism position the reader to question the morality of society and its racial opinions formed. Isolation and courage in the form of racism and discrimination is explored in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird and Ken Kesey’s novel One flew over the cuckoo’s nest. Isolation is explored within the main themes, techniques and symbolism of the texts. The social, historical and cultural settings and connections provide the reader with an understanding of the philosophies and ideas presented by the author displaying isolation through the protagonists, settings and literary techniques. Bibliography 1. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. United States: Viking Press & Signet Books, 1962. Print. 2. Lee, Harper, To Kill a Mockingbird, London: Vintage, 2004. Print.

Reading More Books Essay

How to encourage your children to read more books Ten great ways to develop your children’s desire to read book By Chris Barnardo Reading is great for both you and your children and is a fantastic form of relaxation and escapism. Reading books helps your children develop their language skill, extend their vocabulary and their understanding of the world. Your children’s spelling and writing skills are also improved by regular reading. Reading can be especially helpful to your children when they are going through difficult times in their lives, such as the separation of parents,  starting a new school, the death of a loved one, bullying, or puberty. A good book gives them a mental place to go where the day to day worries aren’t so ever present, it gives them new people to meet and gets them involved in other people’s stories. Reading develops your children’s creativity. It’s better than the television, because when children get involved in the book they are reading, they imagine the characters and scenes, which paint all kinds of Fill your house with books and give your kids their own bookshelf This is especially important if they don’t live with  you, because any way you can make your place feel like their home, is good, and having their own favourite books in a special place is perfect. Read to your children Set up a routine of a bedtime story or chapter from their book. Bedtime reading is a great routine to get into because it is a perfect relaxing bridge between the excitement of the day and sleep. It is also a special time for you to be together without the stresses and hassles of the day, a time when all is clam and you are just having fun together. However, don’t restrict yourself to bedtimes,  read to them whenever the opportunity presents itself. Read them funny or interesting stories from the newspaper when you spot them, save and read out a funny or moving poem before you eat a meal together; get them to read their homework out loud to you when they have done it. Page 1 of 2 wonderful images in their minds, in a far more interactive and satisfying way than television can ever do. reading encourages your child to be creative and think for themselves. So, everyone knows how good reading is for their children, but how do you encourage them to read, or read more. Here are ten top tips to get you started and get your children reading books. Listen to audio books in the car on longer journeys Audio books make every long journey an adventure in itself. If the story is good and the narration is well done, the journey will flash by and when you reach your destination you may even find yourselves wanting to stay in the car to hear the end of the story. They can be expensive, but most stories will bear repeated listening and the library lend out audio books for free. Don’t be a book snob Children are inspired to read by all kinds of  different books, graphic novels, magazines, web blogs, manuals, science fiction, or teenage romance for example. Let them get interested in reading in whatever form that takes to start with, once they get into the habit of reading this will expand to take in a wider and wider choice of material over time as their friends introduce them to new books and ideas.  © C. Barnardo dadcando 2008 How to encourage your children to read more books Talk though the story when you read it Chat about the characters in the story. If it is a novel then talking about the main character’s  motivations, asking what your children think the characters are going to do next, or what is going to happen in the story, all add weight to the experience of reading. Ask questions about the writer’s style, or the way the writer describes the scenes will help your children get the most out of the story and will help them in a very subtle (but powerful) way with their own written schoolwork and homework assignments. Discussing stories and listening to what your children have to say about the characters and the situations they encounter in the book will tell you a lot about  what your child is thinking, and help you understand them better. At weekends or on holidays make a treat of getting magazines Magazines have short articles about things they like, horses, cars, fashion, gossip, TV soaps, toys, console games, and popular science for example. If they really like a particular magazine then consider buying a subscription to it for them as a birthday (or other special occasion) present. Give books as gifts Take the trouble to go to the bookshop at the weekend or browse the second hand book shop for interesting titles and involve your children in  choosing the best book as a gift. When giving a book, especially to your children, always write their name and the date and a short message in the book inside the cover or on the flyleaf. Then they’ll always know it’s theirs and know that you think that it is a precious gift that you have chosen specially for them. Choose material that they like There is plenty of time to discover the classics. To start with choose books that you know your children will like. Choose different books to read to them than those which they are going to read to themselves. When you read to them, you can pick books with exciting or thrilling stories that may have longer words in then they would be able to read themselves. (Always explain a word or phrase if you think that they don’t understand it). Perhaps you have seen a film that you all liked, get the book that inspired the film and read that. If they are reading to themselves, a graphic novel or even a comic is an excellent way to start reading around a film story. Have a word of the day Reading is as much about exploring language and the way stories are told as it is about the stories  themselves. Look on the web or in a dictionary and pick a word of the day which you can all learn together. The word you choose can be gross or exciting, different or funny, long or strange but above all make sure that it is useful in some way. Get everyone to make up a sentence with the new word in it and give a point or star for the best sentence. If they want, let your children each find and tell their favourite new word of the day. A good time to do this is at meal times when you are all together. *** For some ideas on a few good books that your  children might like, have a look at dadcando’s what we like this week column or dadcando’s recommended â€Å"Superb kid’s books† on dadcando’s â€Å"Be Inspired, be inspiring† pages. Get a poetry book and occasionally read them a poem Poems are fabulous for evoking emotions and feelings. The best poems condense and capture descriptions of scenes or feelings in a very powerful way, bridging the gap between stories and songs. Inspire your children with poems and they will remember lines from them, and the times you read to them, for the rest of their lives. Page 2 of 2  © C. Barnardo dadcando 2008.